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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

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FORM 10-K

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(Mark One)

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☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

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OR

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☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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For the transition period from     to

Commission File Number 001-38801

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AerSale Corporation

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

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(305) 764-3200

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

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If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ☐  

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐  No ☒

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The aggregate market value of voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the closing price of $14.70 for shares of the registrant’s common stock on The Nasdaq Capital Market on June 30, 2023, was approximately $421 million. Shares of common stock beneficially owned by each executive officer, director, and holder of more than 10% of our common stock have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates.

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The number of shares of registrant’s common stock outstanding as of March 5, 2024 was 51,990,947.

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DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

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Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for the registrant’s 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the end of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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CONTENTS

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Annual Report”) contains forward-looking statements. We intend such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report may constitute forward-looking statements, and include, but are not limited to, changes in the market for our services; changes in applicable laws or regulations; the ability to launch new services and products or to profitably expand into new markets; and expectations of other economic, business and/or competitive factors. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “project,” “contemplate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential”, or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report are only predictions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report and are subject to a number of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements, including the factors described under the sections in this Annual Report titled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties.

You should read this Annual Report and the documents that we reference in this Annual Report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise.

Unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, references in this Annual Report to the “Company,” “AerSale,” “we,” “us,” “our” and similar terms refer to AerSale Corporation (f/k/a Monocle Holdings, Inc.) and its consolidated subsidiaries.

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SUMMARY RISK FACTORS

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those described in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report. You should carefully consider these risks and uncertainties when investing in our shares of common stock. The principal risks and uncertainties affecting our business include the following:

Risks Related to AerSale’s Business and Industry

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Strategic and Financial Risks

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Legal and Regulatory Risks

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Risk Factors Related to our Common Stock

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General Risk Factors

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PART I

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ITEM 1          BUSINESS

Corporate History and Background

Monocle Acquisition Corporation (“Monocle”) was initially formed as a Delaware corporation on August 20, 2018 for the purpose of effecting a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, recapitalization, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses.

On December 22, 2020, Monocle consummated the previously announced business combination pursuant to that certain Amended and Restated Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated September 8, 2020 (the “Merger Agreement”) by and among Monocle, the Company, AerSale Aviation, Inc. (f/k/a AerSale Corp.), a Delaware corporation (“AerSale Aviation”), Monocle Merger Sub 1 Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Merger Sub 1”), Monocle Merger Sub 2 LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Merger Sub 2”), and Leonard Green & Partners, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership, solely in its capacity as the initial Holder Representative (as defined in the Merger Agreement). The transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement are referred to herein as the “Merger” or the “Business Combination” and in connection therewith, Monocle merged with and into us, whereby we survived the merger and became the successor issuer to Monocle by operation of Rule 12g-3 under the Exchange Act.

Upon the consummation of the Merger: (a) Merger Sub 1 was merged with and into Monocle, with Monocle surviving the merger as a wholly-owned direct subsidiary of the Company, and (b) Merger Sub 2 was merged with and into AerSale Aviation, with AerSale Aviation surviving the merger as a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of the Company. In connection with the closing of the Business Combination, AerSale Aviation changed its name from “AerSale Corp.” to “AerSale Aviation, Inc.” and the Company changed its name from “Monocle Holdings Inc.” to “AerSale Corporation.” Immediately following the Merger, the Company contributed all of its ownership in Monocle to AerSale Aviation, which continued as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company.

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Overview of Business and Operations

Our mission is to provide full-service support to owners and operators of mid-life commercial aircraft who lack the infrastructure and/or expertise to cost effectively maintain such aircraft during the second half of their operating life through their retirement from service. By providing a one-stop shop that integrates multiple service and product offerings, we save our customers time and money, while providing value to our stockholders through our operating efficiency. We were founded in 2008 by Nicolas Finazzo and Robert B. Nichols as a platform to serve the aviation aftermarket. In early 2010, we partnered with private equity firm Leonard Green & Partners, L.P. to scale our business and finance the creation of a purpose built and fully integrated aviation company. Since our founding, we have established a global footprint and scalable platform for growth.

Our business is comprised of two reporting segments: Asset Management Solutions and Technical Operations (“TechOps”), which, taken together, provide comprehensive support to owners and operators of used commercial aircraft.

Asset Management Solutions

Our Asset Management Solutions segment, which represented approximately 64% and 68% of our revenue during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, acquires Flight Equipment from airlines and leasing companies as feedstock to support our business activities. Asset Management Solutions activities include the sale and lease of aircraft and engines, as well as the disassembly of these assets for component parts (such as used serviceable material (“USM”)) that can be utilized to support third-party sales and lower the cost to maintain our portfolio of leased assets. Our aircraft and engines generally provide highly customized full-service, short-term lease support, where an operator is provided with a turn-key piece of Flight Equipment that can meet the customer’s specific needs. Our business model provides an alternative to the procurement of new aircraft, engines and parts traditionally sold by original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) or delivered new and leased by pure-play aircraft and engine leasing companies. Because we have created the infrastructure to market through alternative channels, we are able to maximize financial returns on Flight Equipment by cost-effectively placing such assets in the secondary market for the balance of their operating life, and upon retirement from service, extracting their greatest residual value by disassembling Flight Equipment assets to the piece-part level for re-use as USM. We do this by utilizing our integrated business units to maximize the sum of each asset’s alternative revenue streams, ranging from their sale or lease as whole operating assets, down to utilizing their collective individual components to serve as USM feedstock or to lower our leasing and operating costs related to MRO services. We also offer our integrated Asset Management Solutions services to third-party clients who lack the expertise and/or infrastructure to optimize their Flight Equipment investments. We lease engines and airframes primarily as a means of extracting value from the remaining operating life of an asset prior to disassembly for USM parts. We focus primarily on highly customized aircraft leases or short-term engine leasing where we can demand a lease premium, and we utilize our USM and MRO capabilities to fully meet all maintenance needs, which allow us to fully monetize collected maintenance reserves. After disassembly, we utilize the pieces as low-cost spare parts feedstock to support our various other business segments, including USM part sales, and in conjunction with our third-party maintenance operations. Consequently, the vast majority of aircraft and engines that we have acquired have ultimately been disassembled for their USM parts once the full value of their remaining operating life has been extracted.

TechOps

Our TechOps segment, which represented approximately 36% and 32% of our revenue during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, provides nose-to-tail MRO services on the most popular commercial aircraft, engines, and components that serve the passenger, cargo, and government sectors. Through our collective U.S.-based MRO facilities, we provide extensive maintenance and modification services for aircraft and their individual components. Our aircraft facilities located in Goodyear, Arizona, Roswell, New Mexico, and Millington, Tennessee collectively feature approximately 760,000 square feet of hangar space, from which we provide high-quality airframe MRO services, structural modification, conversions, and flight system upgrades, including disassembly and re-cycling operations for retiring aircraft. We additionally offer convenient long-term storage capacity for up to 650 aircraft in ideal dry-desert conditions.

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At the individual component level, our facilities located in Miami, Florida, Rio Rancho, New Mexico, and Millington, Tennessee collectively offer specialized component MRO capabilities and services covering hydraulics, composites, pneumatics, fuel systems, electro-mechanical assemblies, interiors, painting, flight controls, nacelles, and landing gear for passenger, cargo, and military aircraft applications.

Our TechOps segment leverages its robust engineering team to provide highly specialized technical support to our MRO facilities, as well as to develop advanced technical repairs, modifications and products, which we market under the tradename “Engineered Solutions.” This business unit includes the design, manufacture, and installation of new products, systems, and services that can enhance aircraft performance, safety, and service life at lower costs than traditionally expensive OEM products and services. Engineered Solutions also serves to lower the cost of Flight Equipment ownership with savings on MRO-related expenses, including compliance with mandatory and market-driven equipment upgrades. These cost-saving solutions are approved by the Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) under Supplemental Type Certificates (“STCs”), which provide us with the unique ability to perform these modifications. We use our FAA-approved Parts Manufacturing Authority (“PMA”) to integrate third party components in developing our STC solutions. We have also obtained approval from various foreign regulatory authorities to validate our STCs and PMA products for use by operators outside of the United States.

One example of our Engineered Solutions is our AerSafe® product line. We designed and received FAA approval to market AerSafe® as a solution for compliance with an FAA mandate to mitigate aircraft fuel tank flammability on Boeing and Airbus aircraft. AerSafe® has also been approved for installation on certain aircraft models that are regulated by the European Aviation Safety Agency (“EASA”) and the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil. Another example of our Engineered Solutions is our AerAware™ product, an industry-leading, next generation Enhanced Flight Vision System (“EFVS”) that has recently received approval by the FAA for the Boeing B737NG product line.

Competition

The aviation aftermarket is highly competitive with many participants, including Flight Equipment OEMs, MRO providers, airlines, aircraft and engine leasing companies, financial sponsors, USM sales organizations, and other independent manufacturers and service providers. The vast majority of participants compete within smaller subsets of our broader products and services offerings. Frequently, our competitors specialize in one or a limited number of areas within the following segments: aircraft MRO, engine MRO, Engineered Solutions, aircraft leasing, engine leasing, USM part sales, and asset management. Further, many component MRO providers specialize in a small subset of repairs related to specific components or materials, such as composites, pneumatics, hydraulics, electronics, landing gear, wheels and brakes, and auxiliary power units.

Consumers of aftermarket Flight Equipment products and services typically make buying decisions based on a variety of factors including quality, pricing, availability, provider reputation, technical specification, prior operating history, turnaround time, geographic location and financial terms.

Our Asset Management Solutions segment competitors include AAR Corp., AerCap, Delta Air Lines, Inc., GA Telesis, LLC, Kellstrom Aerospace, Heico Corporation, Willis Lease Finance Corp, Air Transport Services Group, LLC, Unical Aviation, Inc, Satair Group and Aviall, Inc, while competitors to our TechOps segment include AAR Corp., Aviation Technical Services, Inc., HAECO Americas, MRO Holdings, Inc., ST Engineering North America, Air Transport Services Group, LLC, Delta TechOps, TransDigm Group, MTU Aero Engines, Woodward, Inc., and Lufthansa Technik AG. Though our product and service offerings include certain aircraft and engine leasing activities, we do not view large pure-play aircraft and engine leasing companies as core competitors, as those companies are primarily centered around cost of capital and financial securitization products, and frequently choose to divest mid-life assets as they lack the technical and mechanical capabilities to deal with assets that have exited the OEM warranty periods.

Certain of our competitors have substantially greater marketing, financial, technical and infrastructure resources than we do, and may additionally provide complementary sales and services capabilities that we do not currently offer. As a result, certain of our competitors may be able to deliver a broader range of aftermarket Flight Equipment products and services at more attractive pricing. As such, we choose to target services and products where our synergic capabilities provide us a competitive advantage and allow us to be more responsive to the evolving needs of mid-life aircraft owners,

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operators, MRO providers and financial sponsors. We believe that the market insights, technical capabilities and financial expertise that we bring together through our Asset Management Solutions and TechOps offerings are particularly well suited to meet the comprehensive needs of mid-life Flight Equipment customers, with a fuller range of value-added products and services than most of our competitors.

Competitive Strengths

Our competitive strengths are focused on institutionalized processes to drive profitability by maximizing Flight Equipment values across the second half of their life cycle. We believe our data-driven approach, highly attuned staff, proprietary analytical tools, and formalized decision-making processes give us a unique platform to drive value within the aviation aftermarket.

Our ability to provide cost saving alternatives to support our customers across the entire range of Flight Equipment, from the whole aircraft down to the individual component parts level, is crucial to our ability to maximize value and profitability. By offering a comprehensive suite of products and services, we are able to enjoy a competitive edge in the marketplace as a “one-stop” source for full aircraft, engine and USM spare parts support, bundled with comprehensive MRO solutions. This integration of services facilitates significant cross-selling opportunities among our various business units, as many of our customers depend on the products and services provided by both our Asset Management Solutions and TechOps business segments. In totality, the breadth of these capabilities allows us to optimally service our customers’ needs, providing them increased fleet flexibility while reducing downtime. Similarly, these capabilities lower the cost of ownership of our own Flight Equipment. At the same time, our participation in upstream aircraft and engine transactions also provides valuable market insights regarding operating fleet trends that feed our key downstream supply and demand modeling inputs, enhancing our MRO and USM parts investment decisions.

As a consistent source of aftermarket USM parts, we provide our customers with a safe and widely-accepted low-cost alternative to purchasing new OEM replacement parts. Our ability to cost-efficiently source USM parts through aftermarket Flight Equipment acquisitions and lease portfolio retirements enables us to profitably monetize aircraft and engines that otherwise would have limited economic benefit as an operating whole asset. We are additionally able to leverage our component MRO capabilities to extend the serviceable life of many USM components and systems. Consequently, our ability to increase our USM return to service yield reduces our associated return to service expenses and serves to drive incremental margin on USM part sales, while also lowering the cost of replacement parts required to maintain our portfolio aircraft and engines.

We have a competitive advantage over most of our MRO competitors as one of the select aviation aftermarket companies that has the necessary technical and operational resources to hold FAA “unlimited” repair station ratings for both our airframe and component MRO operations. These comprehensive FAA ratings are no longer granted; however, our unlimited ratings were “grandfathered” and are held by our longstanding MRO subsidiary companies. This enables us to fast track the implementation of certain new MRO capabilities through an established FAA approved “self-certification” procedure, while avoiding the typically longer approval lead-times associated with standard FAA repair station capability certification. Consequently, we believe our ability to efficiently innovate and bring to market new proprietary repairs and modifications for both aircraft and their components meaningfully enhances our responsiveness to the evolving needs of our customers, while also giving us the flexibility to pursue a significantly wider range of market growth opportunities.

Growth Strategies

We intend to pursue opportunities that are well aligned with our existing capabilities, which will continue to differentiate our business.

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Customers

We sell to more than 1,000 customers worldwide. Non-U.S. customers accounted for approximately 58% of our total revenue for 2023. Our principal customers are comprised of domestic and foreign passenger airlines, cargo operators and governmental agencies. We also sell our products and services to a broad range of companies that provide aftermarket Flight Equipment support services, including OEMs, MRO providers, financial sponsors and leasing companies.

We believe that the breadth of our MRO capabilities and supporting services create a compelling customer care and value proposition that fosters brand loyalty, and significantly contributes to the recurring nature of our business. In the year ended December 31, 2023, seven of our top ten customers by revenue had been customers for five years or more, and 67% of revenue from our top 100 customers was sales from customers utilizing more than one of our service offerings.

We primarily use the US Dollar as our functional currency in all markets in which we operate in order to reduce our foreign currency market risk.

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Sales and Marketing

We employ a sales force of 36 individuals. We utilize a matrixed marketing approach, where our individual business segments dedicate resources to market directly to their respective customer audience, while our regional sales specialists co-market our combined product and service offerings to clients within their territories. Given the technical nature of our business, business unit-specific technical staff frequently participate in marketing presentations and campaign developments in support of marketing initiatives spanning the sale, lease and MRO of aircraft, engines and their components.

We primarily market and sell our products and services through our direct sales force. On occasion, we utilize contract services to assist in specific client-targeted sales efforts. In addition, we utilize foreign representation in certain regional markets outside of the United States. We augment our direct customer marketing efforts with industry event sponsorships, conference participation, press release broadcast, web site promotion and social media initiatives, in addition to trade publication announcements, advertising and periodical article contributions.

Research and Development

We embrace a customer centric approach to supporting our clients with new value-add products and services designed to enhance Flight Equipment performance, lower the cost of maintenance, improve reliability and extend service life, while reducing the associated cost-of-ownership. Key initiatives to support our customers’ reduced cost of ownership include reduced down-time, lower cost USM alternatives, Flight Equipment lease versus own options, innovative aircraft modification and upgrade services, and propriety component repair regimes.

Because our customers utilize our entire range of services, from whole aircraft MRO through individual component MRO, we frequently receive valuable insights as to evolving customer needs and desires. These inputs are regularly provided to our senior managers and technical personnel to identify and quantify opportunities for developing new products and services. Where the business case warrants, our engineers and technicians are tasked to develop, test and introduce new Engineered Solutions, including proprietary repairs not identified in existing repair manuals, and STCs for new products designed to provide value to our customers.

Our ability to bring new Engineered Solutions to market is made possible through our in-depth knowledge of the requirements promulgated by respective airworthiness regulatory agencies like the FAA, in addition to non-mandatory recommendations issued by OEMs. The engineering and regulatory authority certification process varies widely by product application and region, and we look to contract with third-party manufacturers and/or channel partners on an as-needed basis to assist in obtaining certain regulatory agency approvals.

We believe that our “unlimited” airframe and component FAA repair station certifications, PMA authority, and deep technical expertise position us to efficiently identify and implement new Engineered Solutions and proprietary component repairs, which is an important differentiator for our industry.

Government Regulation

The FAA regulates the manufacture, repair and operation of all aircraft, including engines, components and parts, operated in the United States, to ensure that all aircraft and aviation equipment are continuously maintained in proper condition for safe operation. Similar rules and regulatory authorities exist in other countries. The inspection, maintenance and repair procedures for the various types of aircraft and equipment are prescribed by these regulatory authorities and can be performed only by certified repair facilities utilizing certified technicians. Certification and conformance are required prior to installation of Flight Equipment components, including aircraft released into operating service. We operate six FAA/EASA certified repair stations, in addition to holding various other international airworthiness authority approvals, which are repair station facility specific. Our repair station facilities are required by the FAA to hold pertinent certification approvals for the products and MRO services that we provide for our customers, and we are required to adhere to all relevant FAA rules and regulations as a condition to maintaining those certifications.

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Certain of our Engineered Solutions include products that are authorized by the FAA through issuance of STC approval for their respective application. Others involve proprietary repairs that we develop internally in compliance with authorities granted by the FAA under our “unlimited” repair station licensing for applicable airframe and engine component categories. We facilitate the production of certain of our Engineered Solutions through the manufacture of new parts in accordance with our FAA approved PMA certifications, as well as the manufacture of certain new replacement parts under our FAA repair station authorities. We also employ FAA certified personnel called “Designated Airworthiness Representatives” and “Designated Engineering Representatives” to facilitate our MRO operations through the development and regulatory approval of specialized airframe and component designs, repairs, modifications, and installations. We rely on these FAA approvals to market our Engineered Solutions to third parties, as well as to utilize them on our own Flight Equipment. We believe the depth of technical and operational qualifications required to attain these FAA regulatory approvals constitutes a significant barrier for competitors looking to compete with our Engineered Solutions offerings. One such product that was recently issued an STC is our offering designated as AerAware™. AerAware™ is a groundbreaking advanced EFVS solution that enables a pilot to “see” through low visibility conditions by presenting advanced imaging technology along with real time aircraft primary flight systems data on an Elbit Systems/Universal Avionics SkyLens™ Head Wearable Display. This achievement marks the world’s first commercial EFVS system to achieve a 50% visual advantage and the first large transport aircraft to be certified with a complete dual-pilot EFVS solution featuring a Head-Wearable Display.

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The FAA requires that aircraft operators maintain detailed records that log the utilization and condition of certain aircraft and engine life-limited parts. The FAA also requires that various maintenance routines be performed and documented on certain airframe and engine components at regular intervals based on utilization and/or time. Maintenance may also be required following certain types of events (e.g., foreign object damage, extreme heat, hard landings, etc.). Further, the FAA and certain other airworthiness authorities can at any time introduce new rules and regulations that may impact our business. In order to proactively mitigate the effects of prospective future rulings and amendments, as well as to position our business segments to potentially benefit from them, we diligently monitor FAA publications and industry trade groups in an effort to obtain as much advance notice as possible concerning future regulatory mandates.

As we pursue sales of products and services directly to government customers or through subcontracting arrangements with government contractors, we may also be subject to various laws and regulations governing pricing, reporting, and other factors. Historically, government regulations have had no material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Intellectual Property

We believe our brand recognition is an important differentiator, and we maintain trademarks on “AerSale”, and on certain branded product offerings (e.g., AerSale® active into 2031, AerSafe® active into 2031, AerTrak® active into 2028, and AerAware™).

While we hold no patents, we significantly benefit from an extensive array of proprietary intellectual property pertaining to market intelligence, transactional data history, and price modeling techniques, in addition to a wide range of product design, engineering, manufacturing, repair, modification and MRO procedures.

Our Engineered Solutions are trade secrets comprised of internally developed proprietary products and repair regimes. As such, our Engineered Solutions are exclusively available through our business or third parties that we authorize. While our competitors may be able to develop similar alternatives to our Engineered Solutions offerings, we believe that our deep understanding of mid-life aircraft markets and technologies, combined with our ability to expedite the introduction of new Engineered Solutions to the market, uniquely positions us to increase our market share in this sector.

Though our proprietary market intelligence, transactional data history, price modeling techniques, and Engineered Solutions expertise are subject to misappropriation or obsolescence, we believe we have adequately institutionalized systems and procedures to prevent such occurrences. These measures include adoption of continuous improvement methodologies developed to maintain the integrity of our intellectual property holdings, in addition to the innovation of

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new techniques, products and processes designed to enhance our existing offerings in response to future market developments.

Human Capital Resources

As of February 7, 2024, we employed 707 employees worldwide, none of whom are subject to a collective bargaining agreement. Approximately 99% of our employees are based in the United States. In addition to our full-time and part-time employees, we also employ approximately 230 contract workers, the majority of whom are located at our airframe maintenance facilities where they provide us with flexible staffing to meet customer demand.

Our success is highly dependent upon our ability to maintain a workforce with the skills necessary for our businesses to succeed. We require highly skilled personnel in multiple areas, including engineering, project management, aircraft technicians, information technology, cybersecurity, business development and strategy, and management.

In order to attract and retain highly skilled employees, we are committed to ensuring a safe and healthy work environment, offering competitive compensation and comprehensive benefit programs, creating great career opportunities, and building an engaging, inclusive environment where all employees are treated with dignity and respect.

Health and Safety

We have established health, safety and awareness programs in each AerSale facility. To maintain and enhance the health and safety of our employees, we promote a culture of continuous improvement and individual accountability. Each AerSale MRO facility has developed an Environmental Policy and Procedures Manual in compliance with applicable federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations.

We use an annual goal setting process to drive injury rate improvements, and our injury rate reduction goal is a performance metric that is reported to all of our employees.

Talent Management and Career Development

At AerSale, our talent management and career development programs prepare our employees for a rewarding and challenging experience. We want to ensure that each of our employees has the tools they need to succeed in their current role, while preparing them for the next step in their career. Management and leadership curriculums are tailored based on each facility’s unique needs as well as the individuals’ needs. At our MRO facilities, we have established a career readiness program specifically for aspiring aviation mechanics and technicians. This program allows individuals to start in an entry level role and through supervision, training, and mentorship complemented by our Airframe and Powerplant (“A&P”) reimbursement program, become an A&P mechanic or inspector.

Our employees are encouraged to take advantage of our tuition reimbursement program to obtain professional and technical certifications or pursue degree programs related to their career track. Our annual talent and performance review allows AerSale’s management team to identify emerging talent in the organization and develop a succession plan. By evaluating our workforce and needs we are able to provide opportunities for growth and professional fulfillment.

Diversity and Inclusion

We are a proud Equal Opportunity Employer. For over a decade, we have created employment opportunities in diverse communities. We believe that diversity is key to our success, and we foster a culture of inclusion. By creating an environment where employees feel embraced and appreciated, we believe that our employees will be motivated to excel and contribute to our continued success. We are confident that in leveraging our employee’s differences we can innovate and remain competitive in a dynamic and demanding industry.

We have a firm commitment to diversity and inclusion in our recruiting, hiring and promotion practices. Minority and female employees are encouraged to participate in career days, job fairs and programs in the communities in which we do business. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s employee base includes 24% females and 64% minorities. We

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actively engage in recruiting fairs and efforts at various training institutions, especially those that have high minority and diverse enrollment rates. We continue to work with local organizations to identify minorities with an increased focus on veterans who will be transitioning into the civilian workforce. In 2024, we aim to continue to focus on partnering with local schools and supporting diverse students with an anticipated scholarship program that will provide financial assistance, mentorship and internship opportunities with the ultimate goal being full time employment at one of our facilities. In 2023, we conducted an employment survey to assess diversity efforts and measure progress on our commitment to fostering a culture of inclusion and diversity and ensuring employees can reach their potential. Each manager and leader is responsible for upholding these values and supporting the goals under our affirmative action plan.

Environmental Matters

Our business, operations and facilities are subject to numerous stringent federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations by government agencies, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Among other matters, these regulatory authorities impose requirements that regulate the emission, discharge, generation, management, transportation and disposal of hazardous materials, pollutants and contaminants, govern public and private response actions to hazardous or regulated substances which may be or have been released to the environment, and require us to obtain and maintain licenses and permits in connection with our operations. This extensive regulatory framework imposes significant compliance burdens and risks on us. Although management believes that our operations and our facilities are in material compliance with such laws and regulations, future changes in these laws, regulations or interpretations thereof, the nature of our operations, or regulatory enforcement actions may require us to make significant additional capital expenditures to ensure ongoing compliance with applicable laws and regulations and/or engage in remedial actions.

Certain of our facilities, including facilities acquired and operated by us or one of our subsidiaries, have at one time or another been under active investigation for environmental contamination by federal or state agencies. We are generally indemnified by prior owners or operators and/or present owners of the facilities for liabilities which we incur as a result of these investigations and the environmental contamination found which pre-dates our acquisition of these facilities, subject to certain limitations. For our Goodyear, Arizona facility, we also maintain an environmental impairment liability policy that provides coverage for certain liabilities associated with the clean-up of on-site and off-site pollution conditions, as well as for resulting bodily injury or property damage to third parties, in each case, to the extent not otherwise indemnified. If we are required to pay the expenses related to environmental liabilities because neither indemnification nor insurance coverage is available, these expenses could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Available Information

In addition to the information about us and our subsidiaries contained in this Annual Report, information about us can be found on our website at www.aersale.com. We have a written Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. A copy of the code is posted on our website at https://ir.aersale.com/corporate-governance/governance-documents. In addition, we intend to post on our website all disclosures that are required by law or Nasdaq Stock Market rules concerning any amendments to, or waivers from, any provision of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics within four business days of such amendment or waiver. Our website and information included in or linked to our website are not part of this Annual Report.

Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, are available free of charge through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Additionally, the public may obtain any document that we file with or furnish to the SEC from the SEC’s Electronic Document Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval system, which can be accessed at www.sec.gov.

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ITEM 1A          RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below and the other information in this Annual Report before making an investment in our common stock. Our business, financial condition, results of

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operations, or prospects could be materially and adversely affected if any of these risks occurs, and as a result, the market price of our common stock could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment. This Annual Report also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those set forth below.

Risks Related to AerSale’s Business and Industry

Supply chain disruptions could have adverse effects on our ability to provide certain services.

We source parts and components for our business from various suppliers around the world. Global supply chain and labor markets are continuing to experience high levels of disruption, causing significant materials and parts shortages, as well as delivery delays, labor shortages, distribution issues, energy cost increases and price increases. Current geopolitical conditions, including sanctions and other trade restrictive actions and strained intercountry relations, are contributing to these issues. These issues could lead to significant supplier performance failures and delays. Disruptions to our supply chain and business operations, or to our suppliers’ supply chains and business operations, could have adverse effects on our ability to provide aftermarket support and services to our customers.

We are affected by factors that adversely impact the commercial aviation industry.

As a provider of products and services to the commercial aviation industry, we are generally affected by overall economic conditions of that industry. The commercial aviation industry is historically cyclical and has been negatively affected in the past by geopolitical events, such as ongoing conflicts (including between Russia and Ukraine and between Israel and Hamas), terrorism, high fuel and oil prices, labor issues, lack of capital, and weak economic conditions. As a result of these and other events, from time to time certain of our customers have filed for bankruptcy protection or ceased operation. The impact of instability in the global financial markets has led, and may in the future lead, airlines to reduce domestic or international capacity. In addition, certain of our airline customers have in the past been impacted by tight credit markets, which limited their ability to buy parts, services, and Flight Equipment.

A reduction in flight activity of aircraft both in the United States and abroad has resulted in, and may continue to result in, reduced demand for parts support and maintenance activities for the type of aircraft affected. Further, tight credit conditions negatively impact the amount of liquidity available to buy parts, services, and Flight Equipment. A deteriorating airline environment may also result in additional airline bankruptcies, and in such circumstances, we may not be able to fully collect outstanding accounts receivable. Reduced demand from customers caused by weak economic conditions, including tight credit conditions and customer bankruptcies, may adversely impact our financial condition or results of operations. A slowdown in the global economy, or a recession, would negatively impact the commercial aviation industry, and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

Our ability to profitably manage mid-life Flight Equipment through the end of its life-cycles depends in part on our ability to successfully source acquisition opportunities of used Flight Equipment on favorable terms to provide feedstock for the sale of USM parts. Our inability to acquire Flight Equipment could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations. Our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth rates may be adversely affected by these and other events that impact the aviation industry, including those mentioned elsewhere in this report and the following:

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Our operating results vary, and comparisons to results for preceding periods may not be meaningful. Due to a number of factors, our operating results may fluctuate, including, among others, for the following reasons:

These risks may reduce our Flight Equipment utilization rates, lease margins, maintenance reserve revenues and proceeds from Flight Equipment sales, and may result in higher legal, technical, maintenance, storage, insurance and other costs related to repossession and Flight Equipment being off-lease. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the availability of Flight Equipment for lease or sale periodically experiences cycles of oversupply and undersupply of given engine or aircraft models. The incidence of an oversupply of Flight Equipment may produce substantial decreases in lease rates and appraised or resale values of aviation equipment and may increase the time spent and costs incurred to lease or sell Flight Equipment. We anticipate that fluctuations from period to period will continue in the future. As a result, we believe that comparisons to results for preceding periods may not be meaningful, and that results of prior periods should not be relied upon as an indication of our future performance.

Market values for our aviation products fluctuate, and we may be unable to recover our costs incurred with respect to engines, rotable components and other aircraft parts.

We make a number of assumptions when determining the recoverability of rotable components, engines, and other assets which are on lease, available for lease, or supporting our long-term programs. These assumptions include historical sales trends, current and expected usage trends, replacement values, current and expected lease rates, maintenance expenses, residual values, future demand, and future cash flows. Reductions in demand for these assets or declining market values, as well as differences between actual results and the assumptions we utilize in determining the recoverability of our Flight Equipment, could result in impairment charges in future periods, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

The value of any given aircraft model, or any engine model applicable thereto, can vary significantly based on supply in the marketplace. Certain types of Flight Equipment may be used in significant numbers by commercial aircraft operators that experience financial difficulties from time to time. If such operators were to go into liquidation or similar proceedings, the resulting over-supply of Flight Equipment from these operators could have an adverse effect on the demand for the affected engine and aircraft types and the values of such Flight Equipment, which may adversely impact our financial condition or results of operations.

We may not be able to repossess Flight Equipment when a lessee defaults, and even if we are able to repossess the Flight Equipment from a defaulting lessee, we may have to expend significant resources in the repossession of such Flight Equipment and the subsequent remarketing and re-leasing of the repossessed Flight Equipment.

When a lessee defaults on its obligations under a lease and does not cure such default in a timely manner, we typically seek to terminate the applicable lease and repossess the leased Flight Equipment. If a defaulting lessee contests the termination and repossession or is under court protection, enforcement of our rights under the lease may be difficult,

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expensive and time-consuming. In the event the Flight Equipment is located outside of the United States, we may need to obtain governmental consents to export the Flight Equipment back to the United States. As a result, the relevant asset may be off-lease and not generating revenue for a prolonged period. In addition, we will incur direct costs associated with repossessing our Flight Equipment, which may include legal and similar costs, costs of transporting, storing and insuring the Flight Equipment, and costs associated with necessary maintenance and recordkeeping to make the Flight Equipment available for re-lease or sale. During this time, we will not realize revenue from the Flight Equipment being repossessed and will continue to be obligated to pay any debt financing related to the Flight Equipment. If an engine is installed on an airframe, the airframe may be owned by an aircraft lessor or other third party. Our ability to recover engines installed on airframes owned by third-parties may depend on the cooperation of the airframe owner.

Additionally, when a lessee of our Flight Equipment has protection under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, creditors (including us) are automatically stayed from enforcing their rights. In the case of U.S.-certificated airlines, Section 1110 of the Bankruptcy Code provides certain relief to lessors of aircraft equipment. Section 1110 has been the subject of significant litigation, and we can give no assurance that Section 1110 will protect our investment in Flight Equipment in the event of a lessee’s bankruptcy. In addition, Section 1110 does not apply to lessees located outside of the United States, and applicable foreign laws may not provide comparable protection to us.

Success at our MRO facilities is dependent upon continued outsourcing by the airlines.

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We currently perform MRO activities at six leased locations. Revenues at these facilities fluctuate based on demand for maintenance which, in turn, is driven by the number of aircraft operating and the extent of outsourcing of maintenance activities by airlines. In addition, certain airlines operate new fleet types and/or newer generation aircraft and we may not have contractual arrangements to service these aircraft, nor technicians trained and certified to perform the required airframe maintenance, repair, and overhaul activities on such aircraft. If either the number of aircraft operating or the level of outsourcing of maintenance activities for the aircraft models for which we are authorized to service declines, we may not be able to execute our operational and financial plans at our MRO facilities, which may adversely impact our financial condition or results of operations.

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Our operations would be adversely affected by a shortage of skilled personnel or work stoppages.

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We are dependent on an educated and highly skilled workforce because of the complex nature of many of our products and services. Our ability to operate successfully and meet our customers’ demands could be jeopardized if we are unable to attract and retain a sufficient number of skilled personnel, including qualified licensed mechanics, to conduct our business, or if we experience a significant or prolonged work stoppage. The increasing competition for highly skilled and talented personnel could result in higher compensation costs, difficulties in maintaining a capable workforce, and leadership succession planning challenges. These and similar events may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

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The inability to obtain certain components and raw materials from suppliers could harm our business.

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Our business is affected by the availability and price of the raw materials and component parts that we use to manufacture our products. Our ability to manage inventory and meet delivery requirements may be constrained by our suppliers’ ability to adjust delivery of long-lead time products during times of volatile demand. The supply chains for our business could also be disrupted by external events such as natural disasters, extreme weather events, labor disputes, governmental actions and legislative or regulatory changes. As a result, our suppliers may fail to perform according to specifications when required, and we may be unable to identify alternate suppliers or to otherwise mitigate the consequences of their non-performance. Transitions to new suppliers may result in significant costs and delays, including those related to the required recertification of parts obtained from new suppliers with our customers and/or regulatory agencies. Our inability to fill our supply needs could jeopardize our ability to fulfill obligations under customer contracts, which could result in reduced revenues and profits, contract penalties or terminations, and damage to customer relationships. Further, increased costs of such raw materials or components could reduce our profits if we are unable to pass such price increases onto our customers.

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We operate in highly competitive markets, and competitive pressures may adversely affect us.

The markets for our products and services are highly competitive, and we face competition from a number of sources, both domestic and international. Our competitors include aircraft manufacturers, aircraft component and parts manufacturers, airline and aircraft service companies, other companies’ MRO services, other aircraft spare parts distributors and redistributors. Certain of our competitors may have substantially greater financial and other resources than we have, and others may price their products and services below our selling prices. These competitive markets also create pressure on our ability to hire and retain qualified technicians and fill other skilled labor needs. We believe that our ability to compete depends on superior customer service and support, on-time delivery, sufficient inventory availability, competitive pricing, and effective quality assurance programs. These competitive pressures have a potential impact on our business, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We are exposed to risks associated with operating internationally.

We conduct business in a number of foreign countries, certain of which are politically unstable or subject to military or civil conflicts. Consequently, we are subject to a variety of risks that are specific to international operations, including the following:

Measures that we have or will adopt to reduce the potential impact of losses resulting from the risks of doing business internationally may not be adequate, and the regions in which we operate might not continue to be stable enough to allow us to operate profitably or at all.

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Global conflicts, including the war in the Ukraine and conflict in the Middle East are creating an adverse climate for our business. The U.S. government has imposed enhanced export restrictions and controls on certain products and technology, as well as sanctions on certain industry sectors and parties in Russia, Belarus and parts of the Ukraine. The governments of other jurisdictions in which we may conduct business, such as the European Union, have also implemented sanctions or other restrictive measures. These sanctions and enhanced export controls, as well as any responses from Russia, could adversely affect the Company and/or our supply chain, business partners or customers, flight activity, demand for MRO and leasing services and the related macro environment. The economic and security conditions could also limit the Company’s ability to provide its services or products to certain customers, as well as limit its ability to receive payments.  The totality of these events, sanctions and restrictions may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. These sanctions and restrictions may also jeopardize and adversely impact the availability and cost of insurance which covers any assets or operations that may be subject to these restrictions and enhanced sanctions.

In October 2023, a military conflict commenced between Israel and Hamas. The intensity and duration of Israel’s current war against Hamas is difficult to predict, as are such war’s global economic impact; which could include further sanctions, embargoes, regional instability, energy shortages, geopolitical shifts and adverse effects on macroeconomic conditions, security conditions, currency exchange rates and financial markets, and the impact on the Company’s business and operations and on the businesses and operations of the Company’s suppliers, customers and other third parties with which the Company conducts business. Of note, the Company’s enterprise resource planning vendor and the supplier of most of the components of our EFVS offering designated as AerAware™ are both based in Israel.

Business acquisitions expose us to risks, including the risk that we may be unable to effectively integrate acquired businesses.

We have completed multiple acquisitions over the past few years, and have discussions with third parties regarding acquisitions on a regular basis. Acquisitions involve risks, including difficulties integrating operations and personnel, the effects of amortization of any acquired intangible assets and the potential impairment of goodwill, and the potential loss of key employees of the acquired business. In addition, acquisitions often require substantial management resources, and have the potential to divert our attention from our existing business. For any businesses we may acquire in the future, we may not be able to execute our operational, financial, or integration plans for the acquired businesses, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to unique business risks as a result of supplying equipment and services to the U.S. government directly and as a subcontractor, which could lead to a reduction in our net sales from, or the profitability of our supply arrangements with, the U.S. government.

Companies engaged in supplying defense-related equipment and services to U.S. government agencies are subject to business risks specific to the defense industry. We currently do, and may in the future, contract directly with the U.S. government or act as a subcontractor to customers contracting with the U.S. government. Accordingly, the U.S. government may unilaterally suspend or prohibit us from receiving new contracts pending resolution of alleged violations of procurement laws or regulations, revoke required security clearance, reduce the value of existing contracts, or audit our contract related costs and fees.

In addition, because we contract directly with the U.S. government or act as a subcontractor to customers contracting with the U.S. government, we may be subject to U.S. government inquiries and investigations, including periodic audits of costs that we determine are reimbursable under government contracts. U.S. government agencies routinely audit government contractors to review performance under contracts, cost structure and compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and standards, as well as the adequacy of and compliance with internal control systems and policies, including the contractor’s purchasing, property, estimating, compensation and management information systems. Any costs found to be misclassified or inaccurately allocated to a specific contract are not reimbursable, and, to the extent already reimbursed, must be refunded. Also, any inadequacies in our systems and policies could result in payments being withheld, penalties and reduced future business, and may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

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Further consolidation in the aerospace industry could adversely affect our business and financial results.

The aerospace and defense industry is experiencing significant consolidation, including our customers, competitors and suppliers. Consolidation among our customers may result in delays in the awarding of new contracts and losses of existing business. Consolidation among our competitors may result in larger competitors with greater resources and market share, which could adversely affect our ability to compete successfully. Consolidation among our suppliers may result in fewer sources of supply and increased cost to us.

Our business could be negatively affected by cyber or other security threats or other disruptions.

Our business depends heavily on information technology and computerized systems to communicate and operate effectively. Our systems and technologies, or those of third parties on which we rely, could fail or become unreliable due to equipment failures, software viruses, cyber threats, ransomware attacks, terrorist acts, natural disasters, power failures or other causes.

Cybersecurity threats are evolving and include, but are not limited to, malicious software, attempts to gain unauthorized access to our sensitive information, business e-mail compromises, ransomware attacks, and other electronic security breaches, including at our customers, suppliers, subcontractors, and joint venture partners, that could lead to disruptions in mission critical systems, unauthorized release of confidential or otherwise protected information, and corruption of data. Certain functional areas of our workforce continue to function in a remote work environment, which could heighten the risk of these potential vulnerabilities.

The procedures and controls we utilize to monitor and mitigate these threats may not be sufficient to prevent security threats from materializing. If any of these events were to materialize, the costs related to cyber or other security threats or disruptions may not be fully insured or indemnified, and may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition or disruption of our ability to make financial reports and other public disclosures required of public companies.

Moreover, expenditures incurred in implementing and maintaining cybersecurity and other procedures and controls may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We may need to make significant capital expenditures to keep pace with technological developments in our industry.

The industries in which we participate are constantly undergoing development and change, and it is likely that new products, equipment, and MRO methods will be introduced in the future. We may need to make significant expenditures to purchase new equipment, and to train our employees to keep pace with any new technological developments. These expenditures may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We do not own certain intellectual property and tooling that is important to our business.

In our MRO business, OEMs of equipment that we maintain for our customers include language in repair manuals relating to their equipment asserting broad claims of proprietary rights to the contents of the manuals used in our operations. Although we believe that our use of manufacture and repair manuals is lawful, there can be no assurance that OEMs will not try to enforce such claims, including through the possible use of legal proceedings, or that any such actions will be unsuccessful.

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Our business also depends on using certain intellectual property and tooling that we have rights to use pursuant to license grants under our contracts with OEM customers. These contracts contain restrictions on our use of the intellectual property and tooling, and may be terminated if we violate certain of these restrictions. Our loss of a contract with an OEM customer and the related license rights to use an OEM’s intellectual property or tooling, may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We could become involved in intellectual property litigation, which could have a material and adverse impact on our profitability.

We and other companies in our industry possess certain proprietary rights relating to designs, engineering, manufacturing processes and MRO procedures. In the event that we believe that a third party is infringing upon our proprietary rights, we may bring an action to enforce such rights. In addition, we are from time to time involved in legal proceedings by third parties claiming infringement by us with respect to their proprietary rights. The expense and time of bringing an action to enforce such rights or defending against infringement claims can be significant, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Intellectual property litigation involves complex legal and factual questions which makes the outcome of any such proceedings subject to considerable uncertainty. Not only can such litigation divert management’s attention, but it can also expose us to damages and potential injunctive relief which, if granted, may preclude us from making, using or selling particular products or technology. Uncertainties resulting from our participation in intellectual property litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or interim proceedings or developments that could be perceived negatively by analysts or investors and the value of such intellectual property could be diminished. Accordingly, the market price of our common stock may decline. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of intellectual property litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

Our operations depend on our facilities, which are subject to physical and other risks that could disrupt production.

Our facilities or our customers’ facilities could be damaged or disrupted by a natural disaster, war, or terrorist activity. A major catastrophe, such as an earthquake, hurricane, fire, flood, tornado, pandemic, or other natural disaster at any of our sites, or war or terrorist activities in any of the areas where we conduct operations, could result in a prolonged interruption of our business. Any disruption resulting from these events could cause significant delays in shipments of products, and the loss of sales and customers, and we may not have insurance to adequately compensate us for any of these events. For leased facilities, timely renewal of leases, and risk mitigation from the sale of our leased facilities, is required to avoid any business interruption.

Our reputation, ability to do business and financial position, results of operations and/or cash flows may be impacted by the improper conduct of employees, agents, subcontractors, suppliers, business partners or joint ventures in which we participate.

We have implemented policies, procedures, training and other compliance controls, and have negotiated terms designed to prevent misconduct by employees, agents or others working on our behalf or with us that would violate the applicable laws of the jurisdictions in which we operate, including laws governing improper payments to government officials, the protection of export controlled products and services, cost accounting and billing, competition and data privacy. However, we cannot ensure that such controls will prevent all such misconduct committed by our employees, agents, subcontractors, suppliers, business partners or others working on our behalf or with us, and this risk of improper conduct may increase as we expand globally. In the future, we may form and/or become a member of joint ventures. We may be unable to prevent misconduct or other violations of applicable laws by these joint ventures (including their officers, directors and employees) or our partners. Improper actions by those with whom or through whom we do business (including our employees, agents, subcontractors, suppliers, business partners and joint ventures) could subject us to administrative, civil or criminal investigations and monetary and non-monetary penalties, including suspension and debarment, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

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Our business might suffer if we were to lose the services of certain key employees.

Our business operations depend upon our key employees, including our executive officers. Because our key employees have knowledge of our industry and customers, and would be difficult to replace, loss of any of these employees may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

If our subcontractors or suppliers fail to perform their contractual obligations, our contract profitability and our ability to win new contracts may be adversely affected.

We rely on subcontractors to perform a portion of the services we agree to provide our customers, and our suppliers provide necessary labor, inventory and component parts. A failure by one or more of our subcontractors or suppliers to satisfactorily provide on a timely basis the agreed-upon services or supplies may affect our ability to perform our contractual obligations. Deficiencies in the performance of our subcontractors and/or suppliers could result in liquidated damages or our customer terminating our contract for default. A termination for default could expose us to liability and adversely affect our financial performance and our ability to win new contract awards.

Future outbreaks and infectious diseases could have a material adverse impact, on our business, operating results, financial condition, and liquidity.

While the overall demand for commercial air travel has significantly recovered from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, future outbreaks and infectious diseases could pose a threat to the commercial aviation industry, including our business and operations. Moreover, a resurgence of the COVID-19 pandemic (including through any new variant strains of the underlying virus), a new health epidemic or similar outbreak or other negative developments associated with the pandemic or outbreak could hinder or reverse the commercial flight activity recovery and lead to decreased worldwide commercial activity, which could lead to a reduced demand for airline passenger and cargo services. Reduced flight activity negatively impacts the demand for many of our products and services, and any prolonged reduction could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and access to sources of liquidity.

Moreover, prolonged pandemics, epidemics and similar outbreaks, or the threat thereof, could result in worker absences, lower productivity, voluntary closure of our offices and facilities, travel restrictions for our employees and other disruptions to our business. Any of these could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We cannot predict the impact that any pandemics, epidemics and similar outbreaks, especially of infectious diseases, will have on our customers, suppliers, vendors, and other business partners, and each of their financial conditions; however, any material effect on these parties could adversely impact us, and may also exacerbate other risks discussed in this “Risk Factors” section, any of which could have a material effect on us.

Strategic and Financial Risks

We are dependent upon continued availability of financing to manage our business and to execute our business strategy, and additional financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us.

Our ability to manage our business and to execute our business strategy is dependent, in part, on the continued availability of debt and equity capital. Our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (as amended, the “Revolving Credit Agreement”) matures on July 24, 2028. Access to the debt and equity capital markets may be limited by various factors, including the condition of overall credit markets, general economic factors, state of the aviation industry, our financial performance, and credit ratings. Debt and equity capital may not continue to be available to us on favorable terms, or at all. Our inability to obtain financing on favorable terms may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

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Our existing debt includes restrictive and financial covenants.

Certain current financing arrangements require us to comply with various restrictive covenants, and in certain cases contain financial covenants that require us to comply with specified financial ratios and tests. Our failure to meet these covenants could result in default under these loan and debt agreements, and may result in a cross-default under other debt agreements. In the event of a default and our inability to obtain a waiver of the default, all amounts outstanding under our debt agreements could be declared immediately due and payable.

Our failure to comply with these covenants may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Restrictive covenants in the documents governing our existing and any future indebtedness may limit our current and future operations, particularly our ability to respond to changes in our business or to pursue our business strategies.

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The documents governing our existing indebtedness contain, and the documents governing any future indebtedness will likely contain, a number of restrictive covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions, including restrictions on our ability to take actions that we believe may be in our interest. The documents governing our existing indebtedness, among other things, limit our ability to:

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The restrictions could adversely affect our ability to:

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Our ability to obtain future financing or to sell assets could be adversely affected because substantially all of our assets have been pledged as collateral for the benefit of the holders of our indebtedness.

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Unanticipated changes in our tax provision or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could affect our profitability.

Significant judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes. In the ordinary course of our business, there are transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Furthermore, changes in income tax laws and regulations, or their interpretation, could result in higher or lower income tax rates assessed or changes in the taxability of certain sales or the deductibility of certain expenses, thereby affecting our income tax expense and profitability.

Our financial results of operations could be adversely affected by impairment of our goodwill or other intangible assets.

When we acquire a business, we record goodwill equal to the excess of the amount we pay for the business, including liabilities assumed, over the fair value of the tangible and identifiable intangible assets of the business we acquire. Goodwill and other intangible assets that have indefinite useful lives must be evaluated for impairment at least annually, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. The specific guidance for testing goodwill and other non-amortized intangible assets for impairment requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions when allocating goodwill to reporting units and determining the fair value of reporting unit net assets and liabilities, including, among other things, an assessment of market conditions, projected cash flows, investment rates, cost of capital and growth rates, which could significantly impact the reported value of goodwill and other intangible assets. Changes in our estimates and assumptions could adversely impact projected cash flows and the fair value of reporting units. Fair value is generally determined using a combination of the discounted cash flow, market multiple and market capitalization valuation approaches. Absent any impairment indicators, we generally perform our evaluations annually using available forecast information. If at any time we determine an impairment has occurred, we are required to reflect the reduction in value as an expense within operating income, resulting in a reduction of earnings and a corresponding reduction in our net asset value in the period such impairment is identified. As part of management's annual evaluation, the qualitative and quantitative analyses resulted in a conclusion that the fair value of our reporting units exceeded their carrying values; therefore, goodwill and other indefinite lived intangibles were not impaired. In the event there are deteriorations in business conditions or estimated cash flows beyond amounts previously or currently forecasted, there is a risk of future impairments on our goodwill balance.

Our exposure to variable interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and swap counter party credit risk could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

We are exposed to various types of market risk in the normal course of business, including the impact of interest rate changes and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. Some of our indebtedness bears interest at variable rates, generally linked to market benchmarks such as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”). Any increase in interest rates would increase our finance expenses relating to our variable rate indebtedness and increase the costs of refinancing our existing indebtedness and issuing new debt. Previously, our Revolving Credit Agreement bore interest at London Interbank Overnight (“LIBOR”) rates. The U.K.’s Financial Conduct Authority, which regulated LIBOR, ended publication of the one-week and two-month USD LIBOR tenors on December 31, 2021, and ended publication of the remaining USD LIBOR tenors on June 30, 2023. Effective March 9, 2023, we amended our Revolving Credit Agreement to replace the benchmark rate from LIBOR to SOFR. Although SOFR has been endorsed by the Alternative Reference Rates Committee, a committee convened by the United States Federal Reserve that includes major market participants, has identified the SOFR, an index calculated by short-term repurchase agreements, backed by Treasury securities, as its preferred alternative rate for LIBOR, it remains uncertain how markets will respond to SOFR or other alternative reference rates following the transition away from the LIBOR benchmarks. The consequences of these developments cannot be entirely predicted and could cause potential increases in interest rates on our floating debt rate. These uncertainties or their resolution also could negatively impact our funding costs, loan and other asset values, asset-liability management strategies and other aspects of our business and financial results.

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Legal and Regulatory Risks

We are subject to significant government regulation and may need to incur significant expenses to comply with new or more stringent governmental regulation.

The aviation industry is highly regulated in the United States by the FAA and equivalent regulatory agencies in other countries. Prior to being placed into service the products and services that we provide for aircraft, engines and their components are required to meet certain standards of airworthiness established by the FAA or the equivalent regulatory agencies in certain other countries. We also operate repair stations that are licensed by the FAA and equivalent regulatory agencies in certain other countries. Specific regulations vary from country to country; although regulatory requirements in other countries are generally satisfied by compliance with FAA requirements. New and more stringent governmental regulations may be adopted in the future that, if enacted, may adversely impact our financial condition or results of operations.

Any revocation or suspension of our material licenses, certificates, authorizations, or approvals by the FAA or equivalent regulatory agencies in other countries, may adversely impact our financial condition or results of operations.

Users of Flight Equipment are regulated by general civil aviation authorities, including the FAA in the United States and similar governmental authorities in other countries, which regulate the maintenance of engines and issue airworthiness directives. Airworthiness directives typically set forth special maintenance actions or modifications with respect to certain engine and aircraft types or series of specific engines that must be implemented for the engine or aircraft to remain in service. Also, airworthiness directives may require the lessee to make more frequent inspections of an engine, aircraft or particular engine parts. Generally, the lessee of our Flight Equipment is responsible for complying with all airworthiness directives. However, if the Flight Equipment is off-lease and in certain circumstances, if dictated by the terms of a Flight Equipment lease, we may be forced to bear the cost of compliance with such airworthiness directives.

A number of our leases require specific governmental or regulatory licenses, consents or approvals. These include consents for certain payments under the leases and for the export, import or re-export of our Flight Equipment. Consents needed in connection with future leasing or sale of our Flight Equipment may not be received timely or have economically feasible terms. Any of these events could adversely affect our ability to lease or sell Flight Equipment, which, in turn, may adversely impact our financial condition or results of operations.

The U.S. Department of Commerce (the “Commerce Department”) regulates exports of goods outside the United States. We are subject to the Commerce Department’s and the U.S. Department of State’s regulations with respect to the lease and sale of aircraft, engines, engine parts and components, and airframes and accessory parts and components to foreign entities. The Commerce Department and the U.S. Department of State may, in certain cases, require us to obtain export licenses for certain items exported to foreign countries. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security, through the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, enforces regulations related to the import of aircraft, engines, engine parts and components, and airframe and accessory parts and components into the United States. We must expend resources to comply with these regulations and our failure to comply with these regulations may subject us to regulatory actions, which may adversely impact our financial condition or results of operations.

We are prohibited from doing business with persons designated by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) on its “Specially Designated Nationals List,” and must monitor our operations and existing and potential lessees and other counterparties for compliance with OFAC’s rules. Similarly, sanctions issued by the United Nations, the United States government, the European Union or other governments could prohibit or restrict us from doing business in certain countries, or with certain customers or persons, and we must monitor our operations and existing and potential customers and other counterparties for compliance with such sanctions. We must expend resources to comply with these regulations and our failure to comply with these regulations may subject us to regulatory actions, which may adversely impact our financial condition or results of operations.

We are also subject to a variety of other regulations including work-related and community safety laws. The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 mandates general requirements for safe workplaces for all employees, and established the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) in the Department of Labor. In particular,

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OSHA provides special procedures and measures for the handling of certain hazardous and toxic substances. In addition, specific safety standards have been promulgated for workplaces engaged in the treatment, disposal or storage of hazardous waste. Requirements under state law, in certain circumstances, may mandate additional measures for facilities handling materials specified as extremely dangerous. We believe that our operations are in material compliance with OSHA’s health and safety requirements.

We are subject to the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws, as well as export control laws, import and customs laws, trade and economic sanctions laws and other laws governing our operations.

We are subject to the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws, as well as export control laws, import and customs laws, trade and economic sanctions laws and other laws governing our operations. Our operations are subject to anti-corruption laws including the FCPA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. §201, the United Kingdom Bribery Act 2010, the U.S. Travel Act, and other anti-corruption laws that apply in countries where we do business. The FCPA and these other laws generally prohibit us and our employees and intermediaries from authorizing, promising, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper or prohibited payments, or anything else of value, to government officials or other persons to obtain or retain business or gain some other business advantage. We and certain of our customers operate in a number of jurisdictions that pose a high risk of potential FCPA violations, and we participate in collaborations and relationships with third parties whose corrupt or illegal activities could potentially subject us to liability under the FCPA or local anti-corruption laws, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities. In addition, we cannot predict the nature, scope or effect of future regulatory requirements to which our international operations might be subject or the manner in which existing laws might be administered or interpreted. We are also subject to other laws and regulations governing our international operations, including regulations administered by the governments of the United States and authorities in the European Union, including applicable export control regulations, economic sanctions and embargoes on certain countries and persons, anti-money laundering laws, import and customs requirements and currency exchange regulations, collectively referred to as the Trade Control laws. There is no assurance that we will be completely effective in ensuring our compliance with all applicable anti-corruption laws, including the FCPA or other legal requirements, including Trade Control laws. If we are not in compliance with the FCPA and other anticorruption laws or Trade Control laws, we may be subject to criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement and other sanctions and remedial measures, and legal expenses, which could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. Likewise, any investigation of any potential violations of the FCPA, other anti-corruption laws or Trade Control laws by the United States or other authorities could also have an adverse impact on our reputation, our business, financial condition and results of operations. Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable aviation and aerospace laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available, it is possible that some of our business activities or our business arrangements with third parties could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices or the business practices of our customers who generate our revenues may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse . If our operations or the operations of our customers who generate our royalties are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations, we or the customers who generate our revenues may be subject to significant criminal, civil and administrative sanctions, including monetary penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, and imprisonment. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business.

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Our business and financial results may be affected by various litigation and regulatory proceedings.

We are subject to litigation and regulatory proceedings in the normal course of business and could become subject to additional claims in the future. These proceedings have included, and in the future may include, matters involving personnel and employment issues, workers’ compensation, personal and property injury, disputes relating to acquisitions (including contingent consideration), governmental investigations and other proceedings. Some historical and current legal proceedings and future legal proceedings may purport to be brought as class actions on behalf of similarly situated parties including with respect to employment-related matters. We discuss legal proceedings in Note R – Commitments and Contingencies within our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report (the “Consolidated Financial Statements”). Some or all of our expenditures to defend, settle or litigate these matters may

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not be covered by insurance or could impact our cost and ability to obtain insurance in the future. Litigation can be expensive, lengthy and disruptive to normal business operations, including to our management due to the increased time and resources required to respond to and address the litigation. The results of complex legal proceedings are often uncertain and difficult to predict. We cannot be certain of the ultimate outcomes of any such claims, and resolution of these types of matters, against us may result in significant fines, judgments or settlements, which, if uninsured, or if the fines, judgments and settlements exceed insured levels, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity or results of operations.

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Liens on our Flight Equipment could exceed the value of such Flight Equipment, which could negatively affect our ability to repossess, lease or sell such Flight Equipment.

Liens in favor of third parties may be attached to Flight Equipment we own, and in certain cases our engines may also be installed on airframes to which liens in favor of third-parties unrelated to the engines have been attached. These liens may secure substantial sums that may in certain circumstances exceed the value of the particular Flight Equipment to which the liens have attached. In certain jurisdictions, a lien may give the lien holder the right to detain, in limited cases, sell or cause the forfeiture of the Flight Equipment subject to the lien. Liens held by third parties may have priority over our and our creditors’ interest in respective AerSale Flight Equipment, either because the third-party liens have priority under applicable local law, or because our creditors’ security interests are not filed in jurisdictions outside the United States. These liens and lien holders could impair our ability to repossess and re-lease, or sell our Flight Equipment. If our customers do not discharge these liens, we may find it necessary to pay the claims secured by such liens to repossess the Flight Equipment subject to such third-party liens.

In certain countries, an engine affixed to an aircraft may become an accession to the aircraft and we may not be able to exercise our ownership rights over the engine.

In certain jurisdictions, a leased engine affixed to an aircraft may become an accession to the aircraft, such that the ownership rights of the owner of the aircraft supersede the ownership rights of the owner of the engine. If an aircraft is security for the owner’s obligations to a third-party, the security interest in the aircraft may supersede our rights as owner of the engine. This legal principle could limit our ability to repossess a leased engine in the event of a lessee’s bankruptcy or lease default while the aircraft with the engine installed remains in such a jurisdiction. We may suffer a loss if we are not able to repossess engines leased to lessees in these jurisdictions.

Our industry is susceptible to product and other liability claims, and claims not adequately covered by insurance may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

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Our business exposes us to possible claims for property damage and bodily injury or death, which may result if an aircraft, engine, engine part or component, airframe part or accessory, or any other aviation product that we have sold, manufactured, or repaired fails, or if Flight Equipment we serviced or leased, or in which our products are installed, has an accident. We carry substantial liability insurance in amounts that we believe are adequate for our risk exposure, and commensurate with industry norms. However, claims may arise in the future, and our insurance coverage may not be adequate to protect us in all circumstances. Additionally, we might not be able to maintain adequate insurance coverage in the future at an acceptable cost. Any liability claim not covered by adequate insurance may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

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We must comply with extensive environmental requirements, and any exposure to environmental liabilities may adversely affect us.

Compliance with federal, state, and local requirements relating to the discharge and emission of substances into the environment, the disposal of hazardous wastes, the remediation and abatement of contaminants, and other activities affecting the environment, have had and may continue to have an impact on our operations. Certain of our facilities, including facilities acquired and operated by us or one of our subsidiaries, have at one time or another been under active investigation for environmental contamination by federal or state agencies. Under specific environmental laws and regulations, we could be held responsible for all of the costs relating to any contamination at our past or present facilities

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and at third party waste disposal sites. If we fail to comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations, we could be subject to substantial fines or penalties and to civil and criminal liability. We cannot assess the possible effect of compliance with future environmental requirements, or of future environmental claims for which we may not have adequate indemnification or insurance coverage. If we were required to pay the expenses related to any future environmental claims for which neither indemnification nor insurance coverage were available, these costs and expenses may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Future regulatory developments in the United States and abroad concerning environmental issues such as climate change could adversely affect our operations, and increase operating costs. Additionally, through their impact on our customers, such regulations could reduce demand for our products and services. Actions may be taken in the future by the U.S. government, state governments within the United States, foreign governments, or the International Civil Aviation Organization (“ICAO”) to regulate the emission of greenhouse gases by the aviation industry. The precise nature of any such requirements and their applicability to us and our customers are difficult to predict, but the impact to us and the aviation industry, including the potential for increased fuel costs, carbon taxes or fees, or a requirement to purchase carbon credits, may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We may be adversely affected by global climate change, or by legal, regulatory or market responses to such change.

Increasing stakeholder environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) expectations, physical and transition risks associated with climate change, and emerging ESG regulation and policy requirements may pose risk to our market outlook, financial outlook, cost of capital and global supply chain, which may impact our ability to achieve long-term business objectives. Changes in environmental and climate change laws or regulations could lead to additional operational restrictions and compliance requirements upon us, our products and/or services, or otherwise could negatively impact our business. The cost to comply with new and potential environmental laws and regulations could be substantial for the Company.

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In October 2016, ICAO passed a resolution adopting the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (“CORSIA”), which is a global, market-based emissions offset program to encourage carbon-neutral growth beyond 2020. CORSIA is scheduled to be implemented through multiple phases beginning with a pilot which began in 2021 and continued through 2023, followed by a first phase of the program beginning in 2024 and a second phase beginning in 2027. ICAO continues to develop details regarding implementation, but we believe compliance with CORSIA could significantly increase operating costs for us and our customers.

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Risk Factors Related to our Common Stock

Our share price may be volatile, and an active, liquid trading market for our common stock may not continue.

There can be no assurance that the market price of our common stock will not decline below its present market price.  Additionally, an active trading market for our common stock may not be sustained. If an active and liquid trading market does not continue, our stockholders may have difficulty selling any of our common stock. Among other things, in the absence of a liquid public trading market:

If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they publish negative evaluations of our common stock, the price of our common stock could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will rely in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. If our analysts do not continue to cover us, or if no additional analysts commence

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coverage of us, the trading price of our stock could be negatively affected. Even with analyst coverage, if one or more of the analysts covering our business downgrade their evaluations of our stock, the price of our common stock could decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover our common stock, we could lose visibility in the market for our stock, which in turn could cause our common stock price to decline.

Substantial future sales of our common stock, or the perception in the public markets that these sales may occur, may depress our stock price.

Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional shares. Certain shares of our common stock are freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act, except for any shares of our common stock that may be held or acquired by our directors, executive officers, and other affiliates, as that term is defined in the Securities Act, which are be restricted securities under the Securities Act. Restricted securities may not be sold in the public market unless the sale is registered under the Securities Act or an exemption from registration is available. Certain of our stockholders and members of our management have rights, subject to certain conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering shares of our common stock or to include shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or other stockholders. Any such sales, including sales of a substantial number of shares or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock. We may also issue shares of our common stock or securities convertible into our common stock from time to time in connection with financings, acquisitions, investments, or otherwise. Any such issuance could result in ownership dilution to you as a stockholder and cause the trading price of our common stock to decline.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

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We do not anticipate that we will pay any dividends on shares of our common stock in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain any future earnings to fund operations, to service debt and other obligations, and to use for other corporate needs. Further, our Revolving Credit Agreement limits our ability to pay cash dividends.

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As an “emerging growth company,” we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to “emerging growth companies” will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

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For as long as we remain an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”), we take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies”, including not being required to obtain an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting from our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to Section 404 (“Section 404”) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOX”), reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards, which we have elected to do.

We will remain an “emerging growth company” until the earlier of (1) the earliest of the last day of the fiscal year (a) following February 11, 2024, the fifth anniversary of us becoming a publicly-traded company, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700.0 million as of the last business day of our prior second fiscal quarter, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active market for our common stock, our share price may be more volatile and the price at which our securities trade could be less than if we did not use these exemptions.

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General Risk Factors

As a public company in the United States, we are subject to SOX. We have determined our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting are effective. We can provide no assurance that we will, at all times, in the future be able to report that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective.

Companies that file reports with the SEC, including us, are subject to the requirements of Section 404. Section 404 requires management to establish and maintain a system of internal control over financial reporting. Annual reports on Form 10-K filed under the Exchange Act must contain a report from management assessing the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Ensuring we have adequate internal financial and accounting controls and procedures in place to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis is a time-consuming effort that needs to be re-evaluated frequently. Failure on our part to have effective internal financial and accounting controls would cause our financial reporting to be unreliable, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition, and could cause the trading price of our common stock to fall.

If any of our customers were to become insolvent or experience substantial financial difficulties, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

If any of the customers with whom we do business become insolvent or experience substantial financial difficulties, we may be unable to timely collect amounts owed to us by such customers, and we may not be able to sell the inventory we have purchased for such customers, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our results of operations and liquidity needs could be materially negatively affected by market fluctuations or an economic downturn.

Our results of operations could be materially negatively affected by economic conditions generally, both in the United States and elsewhere around the world. Concerns over inflation, rising interest rates, energy costs, geopolitical issues, including the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, Israel and Hamas, and tensions in the Middle East and in Western countries, the availability and cost of credit, and the U.S. financial markets have in the past contributed to, and may continue in the future contribute to, increased volatility and diminished expectations for the economy and the markets. Domestic and international equity markets periodically experience heightened volatility and turmoil. These events may have an adverse effect on us. In the event of a market downturn, our results of operations could be adversely affected by those factors in many ways, including making it more difficult for us to raise funds if necessary, and our stock price may decline.

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ITEM 1B          UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

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ITEM 1C          CYBERSECURITY

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

AerSale has developed and implemented a comprehensive cybersecurity risk management program for identifying, assessing, and managing material risks to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of critical systems and information relevant to our business. Our program utilizes a risk-based approach and is designed based on various cybersecurity frameworks, such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”), and the Center for Internet Security (“CIS”), and shares common methodologies, reporting channels, and governance processes that apply across all areas of our enterprise risk management, including legal, compliance, operational, and financial risks.

AerSale’s comprehensive cybersecurity risk management program includes, among others:

We are not aware of any risks from cybersecurity threats, including any prior cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. Although our processes are designed to help prevent, detect, respond to, and mitigate the impact of such incidents, there is no guarantee that a future cybersecurity incident would not materially affect our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. See “Risks Related to AerSale’s Business and Industry—Our business could be negatively affected by cyber or other security threats or other disruptions” in “Risk Factors” on page 13 of this Form 10-K.

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Cybersecurity Governance

Our Board of Directors has overall responsibility for risk oversight, and has delegated the responsibility of cybersecurity and other information technology related risks to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, which oversees the implementation and continuous improvement of our comprehensive cybersecurity risk management program and compliance with disclosure requirements. The Audit Committee is provided with information, results of internal and external assessments, and updates on cybersecurity initiatives at Audit Committee meetings from our Chief Information Officer, and is responsible for reporting any findings and recommendations to the Board of Directors for consideration. Our team of cybersecurity professionals is led by our Chief Information Officer, a seasoned technology executive with over 20 years of experience in the cybersecurity field, a strong focus on systems and security, and a proven track record of leading cyber experts to protect organization from evolving threats. The cybersecurity team has the primary responsibility for AerSale’s comprehensive cybersecurity risk management program, and supervises internal personnel as well as external cybersecurity consultants. Our processes are designed to prevent and monitor cybersecurity incidents, allowing us to timely detect and respond to incidents through our cybersecurity response plan, which includes materiality evaluations based on the size and scope of the incident. This evaluation is documented in an incident report that is shared with the Chief Information Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Audit Committee to effectively manage resources to reduce risk and prevent future incidents.

ITEM 2          PROPERTIES

Our principal executive office is in Miami, Florida. In addition to our headquarters, we have the following operating locations:

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To support our growth and long-term business goals, we have expanded our operational facilities;

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Our Goodyear, Arizona, Roswell, New Mexico, and Millington, Tennessee facilities are on airport locations at the Phoenix Goodyear Airport, Roswell International Air Center, and Millington Regional Jetport, respectively, and are three of our FAA-authorized repair station operations centers focusing on airframe aircraft maintenance and storage. Combined, they feature over 760,000 square feet of hangar space with a capability of dry desert long-term storage for up to 650 aircraft. In addition to having airframe maintenance service offerings at these facilities, we have four FAA-authorized repair station operations in our Rio Rancho, New Mexico, Memphis, Tennessee, and Miami, Florida facilities that provide component MRO service offerings. Collectively, these facilities support the operations of our TechOps segment.

We primarily distribute USM parts from our dedicated distribution warehouse located in Memphis, Tennessee, in addition to on-site bulk storage capacity at our Roswell, New Mexico facility. These facilities collectively provide more than 500,000 square feet of available space to efficiently manage our Flight Equipment inventories and facilitate support of our customers’ urgent spare part requirements with non-stop delivery capacity to destinations worldwide. Combined, these facilities support the operations of our Asset Management Solutions segment.

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ITEM 3          LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, we are subject to litigation incidental to our business. The information set forth under “Litigation” under Note R – Commitments and Contingencies within our Consolidated Financial Statements is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 4          MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5          MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Our common stock is currently listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “ASLE”.

Holders of Record of our Common Stock

As of February 26, 2024, there were 7,518 holders of record of our common stock. This number of holders of record does not represent the actual number of beneficial owners of our common stock because shares of common stock are frequently held in “street name” by securities dealers and others for the benefit of individual owners who have the right to vote their shares.

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Dividends

We have not paid any cash dividends on our common stock to date. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions, statutory requirements, and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant. Currently, our Revolving Credit Agreement limits our ability to pay cash dividends. Accordingly, we are prohibited from declaring any cash dividends to holders of our common stock without amending or modifying the terms of our credit facility.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer or Affiliated Purchasers

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we did not purchase any of our outstanding shares of common stock.

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Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Performance Graph

The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return for (i) our common stock, (ii) the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index (“S&P 500”) and (iii) the S&P 500 Aerospace & Defense Index (“S&P A&D”) for the period from February 28, 2019, the first day Monocle’s common stock was traded following its initial public offering, through December 31, 2023. For the period between February 28, 2019 through December 22, 2020 the figures relate to Monocle’s common stock, and for the period between December 23, 2020 through December 31, 2023, the figures relate to AerSale’s common stock. The graph assumes an initial investment of $100 in Monocle’s common stock and in each of the S&P 500 and S&P A&D at the market close on February 28, 2019, and assumes reinvestment of dividends. This performance graph shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing of AerSale under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

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The information required by Item 5 with respect to securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans is incorporated herein by reference to Part III, Item 12 of this Form 10-K.

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ITEM 6         [RESERVED]

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ITEM 7          MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following management’s discussion and analysis together with the Consolidated Financial Statements. This discussion contains forward-looking statements about AerSale’s business, operations and industry that involve risks and uncertainties, such as statements regarding AerSale’s plans, objectives, expectations and intentions. AerSale’s future results and financial condition may differ materially from those currently anticipated by AerSale because of the factors described in the sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Special Note Regarding Forward-looking Statements.” A discussion of the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 is included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 7, 2023 under Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

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The Company

We operate as a platform for serving the commercial aviation aftermarket sector. Our top executives have on average over 30 years of experience in aircraft and engine (“Flight Equipment”) management, sales and maintenance services, and are supported by an experienced management team. We have established a global purpose built and fully integrated aviation company focused on providing products and services that maximize the value of Flight Equipment in the middle to end of its operating life cycle.

We are a worldwide provider of aftermarket commercial aircraft, engines, and their parts to passenger and cargo airlines, leasing companies, original equipment manufacturers (“OEM”), government and defense contractors, and maintenance, repair and overhaul (“MRO”) service providers. We report our activities in two business segments: Asset Management Solutions, comprised of activities that extract value from strategic Flight Equipment acquisitions either as whole assets or by disassembling for used serviceable material (“USM”), and TechOps, comprised of MRO activities for aircraft and their components, sales of internally developed engineered solutions and other serviceable products.

We focus on mid-life Flight Equipment and monetize them through our Asset Management Solutions segment. Asset Management Solutions’ activities include monetization of assets through the lease or sale of whole assets, or through disassembly activities in support of our USM-related activities. Our monetizing services have been developed to maximize returns on mid-life Flight Equipment throughout their operating life, in conjunction with realizing the highest residual value of Flight Equipment at its retirement. We accomplish this by utilizing deep market and technical knowledge related to the management of Flight Equipment sales, leasing and MRO services. To extract value from the remaining flight time on whole assets, we provide flexible short-term (generally less than five years) leasing solutions of Flight Equipment to passenger and cargo operators across the globe. Once the value from the Flight Equipment’s flight time has been extracted, Flight Equipment is considered to be at or near the end of its useful life and is analyzed for return maximization as either whole asset sales or disassembled for sale as USM parts. Revenue from this segment is segregated between Aircraft and Engine depending on the asset type that generated the revenue. Lease revenue and the related depreciation from aircraft and engines installed on those aircraft are recognized under the Aircraft category. Revenue from sales of whole aircraft and related cost of sales are allocated between the Aircraft and Engine categories based on the allocated cost basis of the asset sold.

Our TechOps segment provides internal and third-party aviation services, including internally developed engineered solutions, full heavy aircraft maintenance and modification, component MRO, as well as end-of-life disassembly services. Our MRO business also engages in longer-term projects such as aircraft modifications, cargo and tanker conversions of aircraft, and aircraft storage. The TechOps segment also includes MRO services for landing gear, thrust reversers, hydraulic systems, and other aircraft components.

We utilize these capabilities to support our customers’ Flight Equipment, as well as to maintain and improve our own Flight Equipment, which is subsequently sold or leased to our customers. These processes require a high degree of expertise on each individual aircraft or component that is being serviced. Our knowledge of these processes allows us to assist customers to comply with applicable regulatory and OEM requirements. A significant amount of skilled labor is required to support this process, which the Company has accumulated through its diversified offerings.

In addition to our aircraft and USM parts offerings, we develop Engineered Solutions consisting of Supplemental Type Certificates (“STCs”) that can be installed on existing Flight Equipment to improve performance, comply with regulatory requirements, or improve safety. An example of these solutions is the AerSafe® product line, which we designed and for which we obtained Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) approval to sell as a solution for compliance with the FAA’s fuel tank flammability regulations. Another example of these solutions is our AerAware™ product, an industry-leading, next generation Enhanced Flight Vision System (“EFVS”) that has recently received approval by the FAA for the Boeing B737NG product line. These products are proprietary in nature and function as non-OEM solutions to regulatory requirements and other technical challenges, often at reduced delivery time and cost for operators. In order to develop these products, we engage in research and development activities that are expensed as incurred.

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Results of Operations

Sales and gross profit for AerSale’s two business segments for the years ended in December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

Year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022

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Total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased by $74.0 million or 18.1% compared to 2022, driven by a decrease of $62.4 million, or 22.5%, within Asset Management Solutions and a decrease of $11.6 million, or 8.9%, within TechOps.

Asset Management Solutions

Sales in the Asset Management Solutions segment decreased by $62.4 million to $215.2 million, or 22.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022, due to a $20.6 million decrease in revenues from Aircraft, and a $41.8 million decrease in revenues from Engines. The decrease in Aircraft revenue is primarily attributable to decreased activity in the B747 and B757 product lines due to lower Flight Equipment sales in the amount of $21.1 million resulting from softer demand in the freighter market, and lower leasing revenue of $6.3 million, partly offset by higher USM sales. The decrease in Engines revenue is primarily attributable to decreased activity in the RB211 and CF6-80 product lines as a result of lower Flight Equipment sales of $40.4 million, and lower leasing revenue of $7.9 million, partially offset by higher USM sales.

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Cost of sales in Asset Management Solutions decreased by $11.9 million to $147.5 million, or 7.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease in cost of sales was primarily driven by the sales decrease discussed above. Gross profit in Asset Management Solutions decreased by $50.6 million to $67.7 million, or 42.8%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022. The gross profit decrease is mainly attributable to lower revenue generated for the year ended December 31, 2023, as noted above.

Aircraft gross profit margins decreased to 28.1% for the year ended December 31, 2023, from 35.6% for the year ended December 31, 2022, due to lower margin on Flight Equipment sales resulting from lower mix of B757 freighters. Engines gross profit margins decreased to 33.4% for the year ended December 31, 2023, from 46.6% for the year ended December 31, 2022, mainly due to lower margin on Flight Equipment sales, partly offset by higher margin on USM sales.

TechOps

AerSale’s revenue from the TechOps segment decreased by $11.6 million to $119.3 million, or 8.9%, for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to 2022. The decrease was primarily driven by the sale of Flight Equipment during 2022, which was acquired and dedicated to the TechOps segment prior to its ultimate sale, partly offset by higher revenues from component repair activities and heavy MRO services.

Cost of sales in TechOps decreased by $3.2 million to $94.6 million, or 3.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022, driven by costs generated from the sale of Flight Equipment of $16.1 million, partially offset by cost associated with revenue fluctuations noted above. Gross profit in TechOps decreased $8.4 million to $24.8 million, or 25.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to 2022, driven by the profit generated from the sale of Flight Equipment of $7.1 million, and lower gross profit on Product sales and MRO services. Gross profit margin decreased to 20.8% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 25.3% for the year ended December 31, 2022, and was largely attributable to margins generated from the sales of Flight Equipment of 32.2% for the year ended December 31, 2022, as well as lower margin on MRO services of 19.9% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 22.2% for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $6.9 million to $103.2 million, or 7.1%, for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to 2022. The increase was mostly related to Company-wide cost of living adjustments, additional headcount, along with higher facility costs focused on increasing MRO capacity, as well as higher legal costs incurred.  

Change in fair value of warrant liability

We account for our private warrants as a liability at their fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in our results from operations for the period. The fair value of our private warrants was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a $2.3 million gain on the change in fair value of the warrant liability, compared to a $0.5 million loss in the prior year.

Interest Income (Expense), Net

Interest income, net for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $0.2 million, as compared to $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in interest income, net is due to deployment of cash on feedstock acquisitions.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased by $1.6 million to $0.7 million, as compared to 2022 primarily due to the collection of insurance proceeds during 2022 in the amount $4.3 million for the full settlement of the Air Indus insurance claim, of which $1.8 million was classified as other income, net.

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Income Taxes

The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 was 27.5% compared to 24.2% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in the effective tax rate was mainly a result of a valuation allowance release offset and an increase in credits offset by higher nondeductible executive compensation. The difference between the effective tax rate and the statutory tax rate of 21% for the year ended December 31, 2023, was primarily due to the impact of a valuation allowance release and an increase in credits offset by executive compensation. The difference between the effective tax rate and the statutory tax rate of 21% for the year ended December 31, 2022, was primarily due to the impact of state income taxes, a valuation allowance and permanent differences partially offset by the foreign derived intangible income deduction.

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Financial Position, Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2023, we had $5.9 million of cash and cash equivalents. We finance our growth through cash flows generated from operations and borrowings secured by our assets. We had $29.0 million outstanding under the Revolving Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2023, and we had $131.0 million of availability thereunder. We used cash in operations of $174.2 million, mostly for feedstock acquisitions of $131.9 million, generated cash from investing activities of $3.1 million, and generated cash from financing activities in the amount of $29.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we entered into a revolving term loan collateralized by our property and equipment (the “Equipment Loan”), and borrowed $8.6 million, which remained outstanding as of December 31, 2023.

We believe our equity base, internally generated funds, and existing availability under our debt facilities are sufficient to maintain our level of operations over the next 12 months. Any projections of future cash needs and cash flows beyond the next twelve months are subject to substantial uncertainty, but we believe our sources of liquidity, as discussed above, will be sufficient to meet our long-term cash requirements. If an event occurs that would affect our ability to meet our capital requirements, our ability to continue to grow our asset base consistent with historical trends could be impaired and our future growth limited to that which can be funded from internally generated capital.

We may, from time to time, purchase our outstanding shares of common stock through cash purchases and/or exchanges for equity or debt, open-market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Such purchases or exchanges, if any, will be upon such terms and at such prices as we may determine, and will depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, legal and regulatory considerations, contractual restrictions and other factors. Purchases, if any, will be funded through our available cash from operations. The amounts involved may be material.

Cash Flows—Year ended December 31, 2023 compared to Year ended December 31, 2022

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $174.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to cash used of $0.1 million for the same period in 2022. The increase in cash deployed of $174.1 million was primarily due to feedstock acquisitions of $131.9 million and the impact of lower results from operations.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to cash provided of $41.4 million in the same period for 2022. Cash provided by investing activities during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was driven by Flight Equipment sales.

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Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $29.7 million, compared to cash used of $24.3 million in the same period for 2022. The cash provided by financing activities during 2023 was primarily related to the proceeds from the Equipment Loan, as more fully described below, as well as borrowing under our Revolving Credit Agreement. The cash used in financing activities in 2022 was primarily driven by the repurchase of common stock.

Debt Obligations and Covenant Compliance

Wells Fargo Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility

Effective July 25, 2023, we amended our Revolving Credit Agreement to increase our maximum commitments under the Revolving Credit Agreement to $180.0 million aggregate amount, expandable to $200.0 million, subject to conditions and the availability of lender commitments and borrowing base limitations, and to extend the maturity date to July 24, 2028, subject to certain conditions.

Prior to the amendment, our Revolving Credit Agreement was scheduled to mature on March 12, 2024, and provided commitments for a $150.0 million revolving credit facility, including a $10.0 million sub facility for letters of credit and for borrowings on same-day notice referred to as “swingline loans, which has been retained.  

The maximum amount of such commitments available at any time for borrowings and letters of credit is determined according to a borrowing base calculation equal to the sum of eligible inventory and eligible accounts receivable reduced by the aggregate amount, if any, of trade payables of the loan parties, as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement. Extensions of credit under the Revolving Credit Agreement are available for working capital and general corporate purposes.

As of December 31, 2023, there was $29.0 million outstanding under the Revolving Credit Agreement and we had $131.0 million of availability thereunder. We were in compliance with our debt covenants for the Revolving Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2023.

Synovus Equipment Loan

On June 30, 2023, the Company entered into a property and equipment revolving term loan (the “Equipment Loan”) with a total advance commitment of $10.0 million for the purpose of financing capital expenditures on property and equipment. Once the total advance commitment is reached or commencing on June 30, 2024, whichever comes first, this facility will become a term loan with a maturity date of June 30, 2027. This loan is collateralized by the property and equipment it finances and requires interest only payment until converted to a term loan, at which point, principal and interest payments will be required.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company borrowed $8.6 million under this facility, which remained outstanding as of December 31, 2023.

We were in compliance with our debt covenants for the Equipment Loan as of December 31, 2023.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Contractual Obligations

We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2023. Refer to Note Q – Leases within our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report for a listing of our non-cancelable contractual obligations under operating leases.

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The Company has entered into a purchase commitment with Universal Avionics, a subsidiary of Elbit Systems, valued at $33.1 million for the acquisition of technical equipment for manufacturing our AerAware™ product. The commitment is expected to be satisfied by the fourth quarter of 2024.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) requires our management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Refer to Note B to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report for a listing of our significant accounting policies and estimates. The following is a summary of critical accounting estimates and additional information on the level of uncertainty regarding relevant changes to the estimates and assumptions.

Revenue Recognition

We measure revenue based on the consideration specified in a contract with a customer, and exclude any sales commissions and taxes collected and remitted to government agencies. We recognize revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control over a product or service to a customer. Our performance obligations are satisfied over time as work progresses or at a point in time based on transfer of control of products and services to our customers. For service revenue, we utilize the input method of cost-to-cost to measure progress and recognize revenue over time as this depicts when control of the promised goods or services are transferred to the customer. Revenue is recognized based on the relationship of actual costs incurred to date to the estimated total cost at completion of the performance obligation. We make certain judgments and estimates, including estimated revenues and costs, as well as inflation and the overall profitability of the arrangement. Key assumptions involved include future labor costs and efficiencies, overhead costs, and ultimate timing of product delivery. Differences may occur between the judgments and estimates made by management and actual program results.

Changes in estimates and assumptions related to our arrangements are recorded using the cumulative catch-up method of accounting. The catch-up adjustment for the current year due to changes in revenue estimates did not have a material impact on our financial statements.

Inventory Cost

We record inventory at the lower of cost or market value. For purchases of whole aircraft and engines for sale or lease, cost is determined using the specific identification method whereby total cost is the cost paid, including certain asset acquisition costs that can be capitalized, to acquire such assets as a whole.

Additionally, we purchase certain whole aircraft and engines to disassemble and supply material for our engine and airframe USM inventory. For aircraft and engine parts that originate from such dismantled aircraft and engines, cost is determined using a ratio calculated based on the relationship of the cost of the dismantled aircraft or engine at the time of purchase to the total estimated sales value of the dismantled aircraft or engine at the time of purchase. At the time of sale, this ratio is applied to the sale price of each individual airframe and/or engine part to determine its allocated cost. At the time of sale, the sum of an individual part’s allocated cost and actual repair or overhaul costs incurred represent the total cost for such part. Inventory not expected to be sold within the operating cycle is classified as non-current inventory on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

We evaluate this ratio periodically, and if necessary, update our sales estimates and make prospective adjustments to this ratio. Any amounts identified with an estimated sales value lower than the carrying value is reduced to the estimated sales value at the time of the review. Expenditures required for the repair of engine and airframe parts are capitalized as inventory and are expensed as cost of sales when associated parts are sold. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we adjusted the estimated return in certain product lines as a result of new material received into inventory as well as changes in demand for certain product lines. During the year ended December 31, 2023, there were no adjustments to the inventory reserve.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The most recent adopted and to be adopted accounting pronouncements are described in Note B to AerSale’s Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report.

ITEM 7AQUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

In the normal course of business, we are subject to market risks. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices. Our exposure to market risk includes fluctuating interest rates and changes in foreign exchange rates.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to the risk that our earnings and cash flows could be adversely impacted by fluctuations in interest rates associated with borrowings under our Revolving Credit Agreement and the Equipment Loan, which have variable interest rates tied to SOFR. As of December 31, 2023, we had $29.0 million outstanding variable rate borrowings under the Revolving Credit Agreement and $8.6 million outstanding variable rate borrowings under the Equipment Loan. A ten percent increase in the average interest rate affecting our variable rate debt outstanding as of December 31, 2023 would increase our annual interest expense by $0.4 million.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

We primarily use the U.S. dollar as our functional currency in all markets in which we operate in order to reduce our foreign currency market risk. Only general office expense and payroll transactions are denominated in local currency.  A hypothetical ten percent devaluation of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies would not have had a material impact on our financial position or continuing operations as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023.

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ITEM 8          FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

AERSALE CORPORATION

Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Board of Directors and Shareholders

AerSale Corporation

Opinion on the financial statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of AerSale Corporation (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

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We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

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Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

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AERSALE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and par value data)

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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AERSALE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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